{"id":88,"date":"2024-11-12T19:17:26","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:17:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/proveg.org\/?post_type=five-pros&#038;p=162255"},"modified":"2024-11-12T19:17:27","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T19:17:27","slug":"fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12","status":"publish","type":"five-pros","link":"https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/","title":{"rendered":"Fatos sobre Vitamina B\u2081\u2082"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>A vitamina B\u2081\u2082 \u00e9 uma vitamina essencial que desempenha muitas fun\u00e7\u00f5es importantes em nosso corpo. \u00c9 formada exclusivamente por microrganismos e deve ser ingerida atrav\u00e9s de alimentos ou suplementos alimentares. A ProVeg explica como veganos e vegetarianos podem se proteger contra a falta de vitamina B\u2081\u2082.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-o-que-e-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">O que \u00e9 Vitamina B\u2081\u2082?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O termo vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 uma denomina\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9rica para o grupo de subst\u00e2ncias chamadas cobalaminas.<span id='easy-footnote-1-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-88' title='European Food Safety Authority (2006): Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. European Food Safety Authority, Parma. P.45'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Dessas cobalaminas, a\u00a0metilcobalamina\u00a0e a 5&#8217;\u2011desoxiadenosilcobalamina s\u00e3o as \u00fanicas duas formas bioativas de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0e atuam como coenzimas no corpo.<span id='easy-footnote-2-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-88' title='Marsh, E.N. (1999): Coenzyme B12 (cobalamin)-dependent enzymes. Essays in Biochemistry 34 139\u2013154. doi:10.1042\/bse0340139'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Duas outras cobalaminas \u2013 hidroxocobalamina e aquacobalamina \u2013 n\u00e3o s\u00e3o formas de coenzima da vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>, mas podem ser convertidas pelo corpo em uma das duas cobalaminas ativas. O mesmo se aplica \u00e0 cianocobalamina produzida sinteticamente, usada na maioria dos suplementos de vitamina B12.<span id='easy-footnote-3-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-88' title='World Health Organization &amp;amp; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2004): Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. World Health Organization; FAO p.279'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Por\u00e9m, dist\u00farbios metab\u00f3licos ou gen\u00e9ticos, bem como a falta de nutrientes, podem prejudicar o processo de convers\u00e3o.<span id='easy-footnote-4-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-88' title='O\u2019Leary, F. &amp;amp; S. Samman (2010): Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2(3), 299\u2013316. doi:10.3390\/nu2030299'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0As cobalaminas s\u00f3 podem ser produzidas por microorganismos como bact\u00e9rias.<span id='easy-footnote-5-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-88' title=' Huan Fang, Jie Kang, Dawei Zhang (2017): Microbial production of vitamin B12: a review and future perspectives. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5282855\/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5282855\/&lt;\/a&gt; [21.03.2018]'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-funcoes-da-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Fun\u00e7\u00f5es da Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As duas formas de coenzima da vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub> s\u00e3o componentes essenciais de duas enzimas end\u00f3genas que ocorrem em todas as c\u00e9lulas e est\u00e3o envolvidas em muitas rea\u00e7\u00f5es metab\u00f3licas. A vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub> desempenha um papel importante na reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o do DNA nas c\u00e9lulas, bem como na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novas prote\u00ednas. Tamb\u00e9m influencia a sa\u00fade geral do sistema nervoso, a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de energia das c\u00e9lulas e a s\u00edntese da prote\u00edna vermelha do sangue, a hemoglobina.<span id='easy-footnote-6-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-88' title='U.S. Department of Health &amp;amp; Human Services (2020): Vitamin B12. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&lt;\/a&gt; [07.12.2020]'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-deficiencia-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082-sintomas-e-consequencias-medicas\">Defici\u00eancia de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082: Sintomas e consequ\u00eancias m\u00e9dicas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A falta de cobalamina leva a dist\u00farbios na divis\u00e3o celular em todo o corpo. Isto afecta principalmente a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de gl\u00f3bulos vermelhos, mas tamb\u00e9m tem impacto na mucosa oral e far\u00edngea, bem como no sistema nervoso. Um sintoma t\u00edpico de defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub> \u00e9 uma forma de anemia que faz com que os gl\u00f3bulos vermelhos aumentem anormalmente (anemia megalobl\u00e1stica). Os sinais caracter\u00edsticos incluem pele e membranas mucosas p\u00e1lidas e regress\u00e3o da mucosa oral, da l\u00edngua e intestinal, bem como o comprometimento subsequente da absor\u00e7\u00e3o de nutrientes, juntamente com sintomas como fraqueza geral, fadiga r\u00e1pida e tontura.<span id='easy-footnote-7-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-88' title='Biesalski, H. K. et al. (2017): Taschenatlas Ern\u00e4hrung. Georg Thieme Verlag p.201'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-8-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-88' title='Truswell, A. S. (2007): Vitamin B12. Nutrition &amp;amp; Dietetics. 64, S120\u2013S125. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1747-0080.2007.00198.x\/epdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1747-0080.2007.00198.x\/epdf&lt;\/a&gt; [07.03.2018]'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Um fornecimento insuficiente de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m leva ao aumento das concentra\u00e7\u00f5es sangu\u00edneas de homociste\u00edna, o que representa um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e doen\u00e7as cardiovasculares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O segundo conjunto de sintomas causados \u200b\u200bpela defici\u00eancia de cobalamina \u00e9 ainda mais grave. Eles incluem danos no sistema nervoso central, que podem manifestar-se como dist\u00farbios sensoriais (como a sensa\u00e7\u00e3o de \u201cformigar\u201d nas m\u00e3os, p\u00e9s e outras partes do corpo), falta de apetite, reflexos retardados e redu\u00e7\u00e3o de habilidades motoras, bem como defici\u00eancias na coordena\u00e7\u00e3o do movimento. Transtornos mentais, que v\u00e3o desde confus\u00e3o ou problemas de mem\u00f3ria at\u00e9 psicoses e alucina\u00e7\u00f5es, tamb\u00e9m podem ser sinais de defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0.<span id='easy-footnote-9-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-88' title='Fenech, M. (2012): Folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity. Mutation Research\/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 733, p.21\u201333'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-10-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-88' title='Mischoulon D1, Fava M. (2002): Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence. D.Mischoulon, M.Fava. Am J Clin Nutr. 76 Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12420702&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12420702&lt;\/a&gt; [05.03.2018]'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Ambos os conjuntos de sintomas podem ocorrer independentemente um do outro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessidades-diarias-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Necessidades di\u00e1rias de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Embora as recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para a ingest\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0variem entre as regi\u00f5es, as seguintes doses di\u00e1rias est\u00e3o sendo recomendadas pela Autoridade Europeia para a Seguran\u00e7a dos Alimentos (EFSA) para pessoas com dieta ocidental:<span id='easy-footnote-11-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-88' title='European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015): Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA Journal 2015;13(7):4150. P. 38'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Beb\u00eas:<\/strong>&nbsp;1,5 microgramas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crian\u00e7as de 1 a 6 anos:<\/strong>&nbsp;1,5 microgramas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crian\u00e7as de 7 a 10 anos:<\/strong>&nbsp;2,5 microgramas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crian\u00e7as de 11 a 14 anos:<\/strong>&nbsp;3,5 microgramas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pessoas com mais de 14 anos de idade:<\/strong>&nbsp;4 microgramas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gestantes:<\/strong>&nbsp;4,5 microgramas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lactantes:<\/strong>&nbsp;5 microgramas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-absorcao-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Absor\u00e7\u00e3o de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os alimentos de origem animal s\u00e3o expostos ao \u00e1cido g\u00e1strico no est\u00f4mago, o que facilita a extra\u00e7\u00e3o da vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0das prote\u00ednas \u00e0s quais est\u00e1 ligada. Os suplementos alimentares, por outro lado, cont\u00eam cobalamina na forma livre da mol\u00e9cula, com a absor\u00e7\u00e3o da vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0ocorrendo no intestino delgado inferior, onde est\u00e1 ligada a uma mol\u00e9cula de transporte especial, o chamado &#8216;fator intr\u00ednseco g\u00e1strico&#8217;. Este \u2018fator intr\u00ednseco g\u00e1strico\u2019 \u00e9 uma glicoprote\u00edna que transporta a vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0para receptores especiais na mucosa intestinal, atrav\u00e9s dos quais atinge as c\u00e9lulas da mucosa. No entanto, o n\u00famero de receptores do fator intr\u00ednseco g\u00e1strico \u00e9 limitado. Aproximadamente 56% de uma dose oral de 1 micrograma de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 absorvida, mas a absor\u00e7\u00e3o diminui drasticamente quando a capacidade do fator intr\u00ednseco \u00e9 excedida. Estima-se que a capacidade de absor\u00e7\u00e3o da cobalamina seja de 1,5-2 microgramas por refei\u00e7\u00e3o.<span id='easy-footnote-12-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-88' title='European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015): Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA Journal 2015;13(7):4150. P. 38'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Apenas depois de algumas horas os receptores s\u00e3o capazes de absorver mais B<sub>12<\/sub>.<span id='easy-footnote-13-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-88' title=' Fenech, M. (2012): Folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity. Mutation Research\/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 733, p.21\u201333'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-14-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-88' title=' European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015): Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12). EFSA Journal 2015;13(7):4150'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se a vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0for fornecida em grandes quantidades por via oral (pelo menos 200 microgramas), cerca de 1-2% da dose pode entrar no sangue por difus\u00e3o passiva atrav\u00e9s da parede intestinal.<span id='easy-footnote-15-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-88' title='Chan, C. Q. H., L. L. Low &amp;amp; K. H. Lee (2016): Oral Vitamin B12 Replacement for the Treatment of Pernicious Anemia. Frontiers in Medicine 3 doi:10.3389\/fmed.2016.00038'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0No entanto, a absor\u00e7\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s da mucosa oral (por exemplo, tomada debaixo da l\u00edngua ou dissolvida na boca) \u00e9 pelo menos t\u00e3o eficaz quanto a ingest\u00e3o oral de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0(engolida diretamente). No caso de consumo pela mucosa oral, a absor\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m ocorre pela parede intestinal devido \u00e0 degluti\u00e7\u00e3o parcial, desde que a dose seja suficientemente elevada.<span id='easy-footnote-16-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-88' title='Sharabi, A., Cohen, E., Sulkes, J. and Garty, M. (2003), Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56: 635\u2013638. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01907.x'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A ingest\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>&nbsp;\u2014 come\u00e7ando com uma dose m\u00ednima de 200 microgramas \u2014 pode, portanto, ser calculada da seguinte forma:*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Absor\u00e7\u00e3o (em microgramas) = \u200b\u200b1,5 + dose\/100<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aproximadamente 60% da vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0(2.000-5.000 microgramas) \u00e9 armazenada no f\u00edgado, sendo os rins outro importante reservat\u00f3rio de armazenamento.<span id='easy-footnote-17-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-88' title='Fenech, M. (2012): Folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity. Mutation Research\/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 733, p.21\u201333'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Estoques completos de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0no corpo podem ser suficientes por 3 a 5 anos.<span id='easy-footnote-18-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-88' title='Hodges, V. M., S. Rainey, T. R. Lappin, et al. (2007): Pathophysiology of anemia and erythrocytosis. Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology 64(2), 139\u2013158. doi:10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2007.06.006'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-causas-da-ingestao-insuficiente-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Causas da ingest\u00e3o insuficiente de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A ingest\u00e3o insuficiente de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 causada principalmente pelo seguinte:<span id='easy-footnote-19-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-88' title='O\u2019Leary, F. &amp;amp; S. Samman (2010): Vitamin B12 in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2(3), 299\u2013316. doi:10.3390\/nu2030299'><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Comer alimentos que contenham pouca vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>, insuficientes&nbsp;para cobrir as necessidades di\u00e1rias<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Incapacidade corporal de utilizar adequadamente a vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>&nbsp;absorvida<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maior uso de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>&nbsp;pelo organismo do que o normal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m pode ser causada por certas doen\u00e7as. A gastrite cr\u00f4nica (inflama\u00e7\u00e3o da mucosa g\u00e1strica) ou a gastrectomia (remo\u00e7\u00e3o cir\u00fargica parcial ou total do est\u00f4mago) podem causar d\u00e9ficit no fator intr\u00ednseco g\u00e1strico, crucial para a absor\u00e7\u00e3o da vitamina B12.<span id='easy-footnote-20-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-88' title='Herrmann, W. &amp;amp; R. Obeid (2008): Causes and Early Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online doi:10.3238\/arztebl.2008.0680 doi:10.3238\/arztebl.2008.0680'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-21-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-88' title='Obeid, R., H. Schorr, R. Eckert, et al. (2004): Vitamin B12 Status in the Elderly as Judged by Available Biochemical Markers. Clinical Chemistry 50(1), 238\u2013241. doi:10.1373\/clinchem.2003.021717'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0A ingest\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0por meio de alimentos fortificados e suplementos alimentares consumidos por via oral \u00e9 gravemente prejudicada em pessoas com essas condi\u00e7\u00f5es.<span id='easy-footnote-22-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-88' title=' Sharabi, A., Cohen, E., Sulkes, J. and Garty, M. (2003), Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, p635\u2013638'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Nesses casos, recomenda-se um suprimento sublingual (debaixo da l\u00edngua) de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0ou intramuscular por inje\u00e7\u00e3o (consulte a se\u00e7\u00e3o sobre suplementos de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>). Cartas medica\u00e7\u00f5es tamb\u00e9m podem ter um efeito negativo na absor\u00e7\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0.<span id='easy-footnote-23-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-88' title=' National Institute of Health (NIH) (2018): Vitamin B12, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&lt;\/a&gt; [21.03.2018]'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-deficiencia-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082-na-populacao-em-geral\">Defici\u00eancia de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082 na popula\u00e7\u00e3o em geral<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os principais grupos de risco para defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0s\u00e3o os veganos (e alguns vegetarianos), os idosos,<span id='easy-footnote-24-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-88' title='National Institute of Health (NIH) (201820): Vitamin B12, Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&lt;\/a&gt; [09.12.2020]'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0pessoas com doen\u00e7as gastrointestinais e mulheres gr\u00e1vidas e lactantes<span id='easy-footnote-25-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-25-88' title='U.S. Department of Health &amp;amp; Human Services (2020): Vitamin B12. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional\/&lt;\/a&gt; [07.12.2020]'><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 bem como alco\u00f3latras e fumantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No Reino Unido e nos Estados Unidos, a defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0foi diagnosticada em cerca de 6% das pessoas com menos de 60 anos e em cerca de 20% nas pessoas com mais de 60 anos. Na Am\u00e9rica Latina, cerca de 40% das crian\u00e7as e adultos sofrem de alguma forma de defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>. E cerca de 11% dos veganos no Reino Unido s\u00e3o afetados pela defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>.<span id='easy-footnote-26-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-88' title='Hunt A., Harrington D., Robinson S. (2014): Vitamin B12 deficiency. BMJ 2014; 349 :g5226'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082-ocorrencia-e-biodisponibilidade-em-alimentos\">Vitamina B\u2081\u2082: Ocorr\u00eancia e biodisponibilidade em alimentos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A maioria dos alimentos de origem animal cont\u00e9m vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>. Para garantir um fornecimento suficiente, animais como porcos e galinhas recebem vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s de ra\u00e7\u00f5es fortificadas.<span id='easy-footnote-27-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-27-88' title='DSM: Poultry. Vitamin B12. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.dsm.com\/markets\/anh\/en_US\/Compendium\/poultry\/vitamin_B12.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.dsm.com\/markets\/anh\/en_US\/Compendium\/poultry\/vitamin_B12.html&lt;\/a&gt; [10.12.2020]'><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-28-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-28-88' title='DSM: Swine. Vitamin B12. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.dsm.com\/markets\/anh\/en_US\/Compendium\/swine\/vitamin_B12.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.dsm.com\/markets\/anh\/en_US\/Compendium\/swine\/vitamin_B12.html&lt;\/a&gt; [10.12.2020]'><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Os ruminantes podem precisar obter cobalto adicional (que \u00e9 um oligoelemento importante e essencial na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>), por meio de ra\u00e7\u00f5es fortificadas, especialmente se houver defici\u00eancia de cobalto nos solos.<span id='easy-footnote-29-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-29-88' title='EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) (2009): Scientific Opinion on the use of cobalt compounds as additives in animal nutrition. EFSA Journal 2009;7(12):1383. [45 pp.]'><sup>29<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-30-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-30-88' title='Stemme, K., U. Meyer, P. Lebzien, et al. (2003): Cobalt and vitamin B12 requirements of dairy cows. Vitamine und zusatzstoffe in der Ern\u00e4hrung von Mensch und Tier: 9. Symposium 24. und 25. September 2003 Jena\/Th\u00fcringen, pp. 61-68. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/literatur.thuenen.de\/digbib_extern\/zi032009.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/literatur.thuenen.de\/digbib_extern\/zi032009.pdf&lt;\/a&gt; [10.12.2020]'><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0A ocorr\u00eancia em ra\u00edzes e tub\u00e9rculos ou em alimentos fermentados, como chucrute e produtos fermentados de soja, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel, mas n\u00e3o \u00e9 suficiente para contribuir significativamente para o fornecimento de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>. Opini\u00f5es opostas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o apoiadas cientificamente.<span id='easy-footnote-31-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-31-88' title='Berger I (2009): Vitamin B12-Mangel bei veganer Ern\u00e4hrung: Mythen und Realit\u00e4ten aufgezeigt anhand einer empirischen Studie. Ibidem, Stuttgart, p.34-55'><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alguns alimentos vegetais s\u00e3o enriquecidos com cobalamina. Isso inclui v\u00e1rios produtos de soja e alternativas \u00e0 carne. Dependendo do teor de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>, a absor\u00e7\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0pode ser melhorada com o consumo desses alimentos fortificados, mas isso nem sempre cobrir\u00e1 as necessidades di\u00e1rias.<span id='easy-footnote-32-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-32-88' title='Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016): Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. Dispon\u00edvel em &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.eatrightpro.org\/-\/media\/eatrightpro-files\/practice\/position-and-practice-papers\/position-papers\/vegetarian-diet.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer noopener&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.eatrightpro.org\/-\/media\/eatrightpro-files\/practice\/position-and-practice-papers\/position-papers\/vegetarian-diet.pdf&lt;\/a&gt; [08.12.2020]'><sup>32<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-teste-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082-marcadores-sanguineos-usados-para-determinar-os-niveis-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Teste de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082: Marcadores sangu\u00edneos usados \u200b\u200bpara determinar os n\u00edveis de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Devido \u00e0 capacidade do corpo de armazenar vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0por longos per\u00edodos de tempo, pode levar anos para que os sintomas cl\u00ednicos de defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0se tornem aparentes. No entanto, o estado a longo prazo dos estoques de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0do corpo pode ser determinado por meio de an\u00e1lises de sangue. V\u00e1rios valores de testes relativos ao metabolismo da cobalamina devem ser medidos, especialmente holo-transcobalamina II (holo TC II). Apenas testar o teor de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0no sangue\u00a0n\u00e3o \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo adequado para avaliar com seguran\u00e7a o estado dos suprimentos do corpo, uma vez que uma defici\u00eancia funcional de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0pode j\u00e1 estar presente nas c\u00e9lulas do corpo, mesmo quando os valores sangu\u00edneos de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0est\u00e3o normais. O primeiro indicador de uma defici\u00eancia s\u00e3o os baixos valores holo TC II. Essa prote\u00edna de transporte se liga \u00e0 vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0e a disponibiliza para as c\u00e9lulas do corpo. A tabela a seguir mostra o intervalo de refer\u00eancia para holo TC II, que pode ser usado para determinar uma defici\u00eancia de vitamina B12:<span id='easy-footnote-33-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-33-88' title='Schwarz, J., Morstadt, E., Dura, A., Wintgens, K. F., Hartmann, K., Armbruster, F. P., &amp;amp; Dschietzig, T. (2015). Biochemical identification of Vitamin B12 deficiency in a medical office. Clin Lab, 61(7), 687-692.'><sup>33<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se o valor holo TC II por si s\u00f3 for insuficiente para determinar se existe uma defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>, os valores de homociste\u00edna (em jejum) e \u00e1cido metilmal\u00f4nico devem ser determinados atrav\u00e9s do soro sangu\u00edneo, al\u00e9m do holo TC II. Uma defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 indicada por n\u00edveis aumentados de homociste\u00edna (acima de 12 micromoles\/litro) e \u00e1cido metilmal\u00f4nico (acima de 260 nanomoles\/litro).<span id='easy-footnote-34-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-34-88' title='Green, R. (2011): Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(2), 666S-672S. doi:10.3945\/ajcn.110.009613'><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0O problema da anemia relacionada com a vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 que esta pode ser retardada ou \u201cmascarada\u201d por uma elevada ingest\u00e3o de folato \u2013 por exemplo, em dietas vegetarianas ou veganas \u2013 porque estas vitaminas colaboram no processo de divis\u00e3o celular. Ao mesmo tempo, por\u00e9m, as altera\u00e7\u00f5es neurol\u00f3gicas ir\u00e3o progredir, possivelmente levando a danos permanentes no sistema nervoso central.<span id='easy-footnote-35-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-35-88' title='Green, R. (2011): Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(2), 666S-672S. doi:10.3945\/ajcn.110.009613'><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"footable_parent_161017\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_0\" data-footable_id=\"161017\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"vitamin-b12.csv\"            id=\"footable_161017\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_3228518497_161017\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_161017 ninja_table_unique_id_3228518497_161017 ui table ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro nt_type_ajax_table selectable striped vertical_centered footable-paging-right\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n            <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fornecimento-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082-em-uma-dieta-vegana-vegetariana\">Fornecimento de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082 em uma dieta vegana\/vegetariana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma dieta vegetariana pode fornecer um suprimento adequado de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>. No entanto, em v\u00e1rios estudos, os participantes vegetarianos consumiram em m\u00e9dia apenas 1,7-2,5 microgramas de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0diariamente, o que est\u00e1 um pouco abaixo da quantidade recomendada.<span id='easy-footnote-36-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-36-88' title='Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE et al. (2003): EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK. Public Health Nutr 6 (3), p.259-69'><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-37-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-37-88' title='Koebnick C, Hoffmann I, Dagnelie PC, Heins UA et al. (2004): Long-term ovo-lacto vegetarian diet impairs vitamin B12 status in pregnant women. J Nutr 134 (12)'><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Se uma dieta vegana n\u00e3o for acompanhada de suplementos diet\u00e9ticos ou se for consumida uma quantidade inadequada de alimentos enriquecidos com vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>, a ingest\u00e3o esperada de vitamina B12 \u00e9 de 0 microgramas por dia. Assim, em muitos estudos, os veganos apresentam um fornecimento insuficiente de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>.<span id='easy-footnote-38-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-38-88' title='Majchrzak D, Singer I, M\u00e4nner M, Rust P et al. (2006): B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab 50 (6), 485-91'><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-39-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-39-88' title='Elmadfa I, Singer I (2009): Vitamin B12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 89 (5 Suppl), 1693S-1698S'><sup>39<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-40-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-40-88' title='Herrmann W, Schorr H, Obeid R, Geisel J (2003): Vitamin B12 status, particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations, and hyperhomocysteinemia in vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 78 (1), 131-6'><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Assim, ao seguir uma dieta vegana\/vegetariana, um suprimento de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>&nbsp;deve ser garantido por meio de alimentos fortificados e suplementos diet\u00e9ticos na forma de, por exemplo, comprimidos ou gotas. As mulheres gr\u00e1vidas e lactantes devem prestar aten\u00e7\u00e3o especial ao consumo de uma quantidade adequada de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>&nbsp;para garantir que seus filhos recebam um suprimento suficiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-suplementos-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Suplementos de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Suplementos nutricionais para ingest\u00e3o oral (comprimidos, c\u00e1psulas) ou sublingual (pastilhas, gotas, sprays) de Vitamina <em>B\u2081\u2082<\/em><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O uso de multivitaminas n\u00e3o \u00e9 recomendado. Se voc\u00ea tem defici\u00eancia de nutrientes ou necessidade especial, \u00e9 melhor suplementar com esse nutriente espec\u00edfico. No entanto, suplementos isolados de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0podem ser altamente eficazes. Segundo estudos, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 diferen\u00e7a significativa entre a ingest\u00e3o sublingual ou oral de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>.<span id='easy-footnote-41-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-41-88' title='Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2020): Vitamin B12. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/nutritionsource\/vitamin-b12\/ [11.12.2020]'><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span id='easy-footnote-42-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-42-88' title='Sharabi, A. et al. (2003): Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route: Sublingual vs. oral vitamin B12 replacement. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56, p.635\u2013638'><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0As respectivas taxas de absor\u00e7\u00e3o para doses de 50 microgramas, 200 microgramas e 1.000 microgramas s\u00e3o de aproximadamente 1,5 microgramas, 3,5 microgramas e 11,5 microgramas (consulte a se\u00e7\u00e3o sobre ingest\u00e3o de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Inje\u00e7\u00f5es intramusculares de Vitamina <em>B\u2081\u2082<\/em><\/strong><\/em><br>Na maioria dos pa\u00edses, as inje\u00e7\u00f5es intramusculares s\u00e3o h\u00e1 muito tempo o tratamento padr\u00e3o para a defici\u00eancia de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>. No entanto, os dados atuais mostram que as prepara\u00e7\u00f5es orais e sublinguais de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub>\u00a0s\u00e3o suficientes e podem at\u00e9 ser superiores \u00e0s inje\u00e7\u00f5es intramusculares.<span id='easy-footnote-43-88' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/proveg.org\/br\/5-pros\/fatos-sobre-vitamina-b12\/#easy-footnote-bottom-43-88' title='Bensky M.J. et al. (2019): Comparison of sublingual vs. intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for the treatment of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2019 Jun;9(3):625-630. doi: 10.1007\/s13346-018-00613-y. PMID: 30632091.'><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u00a0Em pacientes que sofrem de anemia perniciosa (uma doen\u00e7a autoimune), a inje\u00e7\u00e3o intramuscular \u00e9 a forma mais eficiente de suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-dicas-proveg-para-um-fornecimento-ideal-de-vitamina-b\u2081\u2082\">Dicas ProVeg para um fornecimento ideal de Vitamina B\u2081\u2082<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Veganos e vegetarianos devem ter seus n\u00edveis de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub> verificados regularmente<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As pessoas que seguem uma dieta vegana devem tomar suplementos diet\u00e9ticos regularmente para garantir um fornecimento adequado de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para determinar uma dosagem adequada, tanto as necessidades de vitamina B<sub>12<\/sub> quanto a dose do suplemento devem ser levadas em considera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A vitamina B\u2081\u2082 \u00e9 uma vitamina essencial que desempenha muitas fun\u00e7\u00f5es importantes em nosso corpo. \u00c9 formada exclusivamente por microrganismos e deve ser ingerida atrav\u00e9s de alimentos ou suplementos alimentares. A ProVeg explica como veganos e vegetarianos podem se proteger contra a falta de vitamina B\u2081\u2082.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":161012,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"pv-article","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wprm-recipe-roundup-name":"","wprm-recipe-roundup-description":"","_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","pv_custom_js":"","pv_post_preview_title":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","_exclude_from_search":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-88","five-pros","type-five-pros","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.5 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fatos sobre Vitamina B\u2081\u2082 | ProVeg Brasil<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A vitamina B\u2081\u2082 \u00e9 uma vitamina essencial que desempenha muitas fun\u00e7\u00f5es importantes em nosso corpo. 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